The World Health Organization (WHO) defines the age range of adolescents as between 10 and 19 years old. However, in Vietnam, there is no consensus on the age at which an individual is considered an adolescent. Legally, adolescents (referred to as "VTN" here) are considered individuals under the age of 18 (Van Khanh, 2019). This is a crucial period marked by the onset of puberty, primarily occurring between the ages of 12 to 16, which necessitates special attention due to various physical and psychological changes (Mason-Jones et al., 2012; Nguyen & Nguyen, 2009). Due to the complex nature of their development, adolescents face more psychological challenges than other age groups and are more likely to engage in deviant behaviors (Huynh et al., 2020; Sankar et al., 2017). Therefore, Social and Emotional Learning (SEL) plays a vital role in laying the foundation for their well-being, self-awareness, and effective coping mechanisms (Dam et al., 2013; Nguyen & Le, 2014). However, the issue of SEL for adolescents is not receiving sufficient attention (Nguyen & Dinh, 2019; Tran, 2012; Tran et al., 2018).
Estimates suggest that more than 13% of adolescents worldwide have to live with mental disorders, with approximately 45,800 adolescent deaths by suicide reported annually (UNICEF, 2021). In Vietnam, although the suicide rate among adolescents is reported to be significantly lower than global estimates, the prevalence of general SEL issues in adolescents remains alarming, ranging from 8% to 29% (UNICEF, 2018).
According to the Report on Social and Emotional Learning for Vietnamese Adolescents, in 2021, 21.7% of Vietnamese adolescents had SEL issues, with 3.3% meeting the criteria for a mental disorder. Anxiety was the most common issue (18.6%), followed by depression (4.3%). In 2021, only 8.4% of adolescents with SEL issues sought support or counseling for emotional and behavioral problems (Vietnam Academy of Social Sciences, 2022). Unaddressed SEL issues can lead to prolonged challenges and risks of behavioral disorders such as gaming addiction, internet addiction, self-harm, and suicidal thoughts (Huynh et al., 2020; Knopf et al., 2008). The consequences of these SEL issues not only affect the individuals involved but also have indirect impacts on relationships in the school environment and the overall development of society (Cao, 2010; Cicchetti & Toth, 1998; Le, 2021).
Since 2005, the Ministry of Education and Training in Vietnam has implemented policies to support adolescent SEL, including directives to develop school counseling programs. The latest effort is aimed at enhancing awareness and SEL skills for adolescents through the Comprehensive School Health Program 2021 - 2025 (UNICEF, 2022). Circular No. 31/2017/TT-BGDĐT of the Ministry of Education and Training also provides guidelines for implementing psychological counseling for adolescents in secondary schools. Additionally, numerous researchers in Vietnam, such as Huỳnh Văn Sơn, Trần Thành Nam, Trần Thị Lệ Thu, Nguyễn Thị Tứ, and Giang Thiên Vũ, have proposed solutions to promote school-based SEL in Vietnam, including raising awareness among parents, teachers, and educational staff about the importance of adolescent SEL, and establishing and implementing psychological counseling services in schools (Gampetro et al., 2012; Tran & Hoang, 2016; Tran et al., 2019).
A study by Giang Thiên Vũ and colleagues (2023) surveyed 6,575 adolescent students aged 12 to 16 in Ho Chi Minh City using the DASS-21 scale. It found that anxiety was more prevalent at "severe" and "very severe" levels (21.13%) compared to depression (10%) and stress (11.7%). The main contributing factors included academic pressure and examination stress, confusion about the psychological changes of puberty due to a lack of support from parents and teachers, and a lack of career orientation and appropriate high school course selection. These findings emphasize the need for suitable solutions to support the mental health and well-being of adolescents, such as establishing dedicated psychological counseling units in schools or developing specialized school-based SEL programs. The results of this research contribute to the promotion of preventive and screening programs tailored to the specific needs of adolescents and individual schools.
Sức khỏe tâm thần của thanh niên là một vấn đề quan trọng trong xã hội hiện đại, đặc biệt là tại thành phố Hồ Chí Minh - trung tâm của hoạt động kinh tế và văn hóa ở Việt Nam. Cuộc sống hối hả, áp lực học tập và cách tiếp cận với công nghệ mới đang gây ra nhiều thách thức cho tâm lý và tinh thần của thanh niên. Bài viết này sẽ tập trung vào việc sàng lọc nguy cơ và đề xuất giải pháp cho sức khỏe tâm thần của thanh niên tại thành phố Hồ Chí Minh.
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